South32

As of 2017 (latest data available), the world generated around 20 billion (Bn) tonnes (t) of waste, estimated to increase and reach 46 Bn t by 2050¹. Industrial hazardous waste is noxious for the environment³. Poor waste management causes air, soi...

When heavy metals, including zinc, copper, etc., are sent to the environment through landfills and waste dumps, they leach into the soil and water, thus degrading the ecosystem^1,2;p1-2,3. When these metals are present in the soil, they can make ag...

Metals and minerals are inorganic substances found in the Earth’s crust and a fundamental part of our everyday life^1;p1. They are used in building our homes and schools, generating heat and electricity, and crucial aspects of our hygiene and hea...

To ensure strong institutions and the well-being of society, governments spend a considerable amount of the state's budget on public goods and services, which are funded by taxes paid by individuals and corporations¹. On average, the statutory cor...

Discrimination makes it harder for minorities to meet basic financial requirements³. Minorities' under-representation leaves them at an economic disadvantage and promotes discriminatory practices¹. Disadvantaged people in South Africa include blac...

Around 3.32 billion people are employed globally as of 2022¹. Job creation is vital for society, as well as for the economy². It fuels economic growth as the spending of wages leads to a higher rate of consumer spending³. it reduces poverty as it ...

Annually, 4.2 million (Mn) people die prematurely due to poor air quality¹. The air emissions from industries can contain many harmful substances, such as nitrous oxides (NOx), sulfur oxides (SOx), and particulate matter (PM), that may negatively ...

The working conditions in the mining sector are tainted with forced labour (child labour as well), excessive working hours, bonded labour, lack of protective equipment, etc.^1,2. As of 2021, around 50 million (Mn) people were subjected to modern sl...

Mining accounts for less than 1% of the global land use¹. Mining has disturbed 0.02 to 0.1% of the land in the US, 0.01% of the land in Canada, 0.08% of the land in Peru, and 0.26% of the land in Australia². Mining is responsible for a huge amount...

According to the WHO, ~785 million people do not have access to basic drinking water services¹. The world's total water demand is about 4,600 Bn m^3 3. Prolonged water stress causes mass migration & national conflicts, among others⁴. Only 3% of the...